(Apologies for not filling the graduates with water for the photograph.)
Manufacturers’ developing times for b&w films seem to be universally specified for nominal developer temperatures of 20ºC or 68ºF. Many believe that only this temperature will produce good results and go to elaborate lengths using things like water baths, immersion heaters, refrigerators, ice cubes, etc. in an attempt to keep all of their chemicals and wash water at exactly that temperature for the entire process. Continue reading “B&W Film Processing Temperature”